Tutorial 10: Shell Scripting - Part 1

Main Objectives of this Practice Tutorial

• Plan and create a Shell Script
• Explain the purpose of the she-bang line contained at the top of a shell script.
• Set permissions and execute shell scripts.
• Use environment and user-defined variables in shell scripts.
• Use Command Substitution and Math Operations in shell scripts
• Explain the purpose of the $? exit status and the test command.
• Use if and if-else logic statements in shell scripts.
• Use a for loop statement with a list in shell scripts.

Tutorial Reference Material

Lecture Slides:

• Week 10 Lecture Slides: PDF | PPTX

Shell Scripting:

• Purpose

Variables:

• Environment
• User Defined
• Positional Parameters

Commands / Techniques:

• read
• readonly
• Command Substitution

Control Flow Statements:

Purpose	test command	if statement	if-else statement	for loop

Key Concepts

A shell script is a file that contains Unix/Linux commands and reserved words to help automatic common tasks.

Creating & Executing Shell Scripts

It is recommended to plan out on a piece of paper the purpose of the shell script. Once you have planned your shell script by listing the sequence of steps (commands), you need to create a file (using a text editor) that will contain your Linux commands.

NOTE: Avoid using filenames of already existing Linux Commands to avoid confusion. It is recommended to include a file extension that describes the type of shell for the shell script.

Using a Shebang Line

Since Linux shells have evolved over a period of time, using a she-bang line forces the shell script to run in a specific shell, which could prevent errors in case an older shell does not recognize newer features from more recent shells.

The she-bang line is a special comment at top of your shell script to run your shell script in a specific shell.

NOTE: The shebang line must appear on the first line and at the beginning of the shell script, otherwise, it will be treated as a regular comment and ignored.

Setting Permissions / Running Shell Scripts

To run your shell script by name, you need to assign execute permissions for the user. To run the shell script, you can execute the shell script using a relative, absolute, or relative-to-home pathname

Examples:

chmod u+x myscript.bash

./myscript.bash

/home/username/myscript.bash

~/myscript.bash

Variables / Parameters

Environment Variables

Shell environment variables shape the working environment whenever you are logged in Common shell. Some of these variables are displayed via Linux commands in the diagram displayed below.

You can issue the pipeline command set | more to view all variables.

Placing a dollar sign "$" prior to the variable name will cause the variable to expand to the value contained in the variable.

Examples of using Environment and User Defined variables.

User Defined Variables

User-defined variables are variables that can be used in the shell script for customized purposes.

Data can be stored and removed within a variable using an equal sign (no spaces on either side of equal sign).

The read command can be used to prompt the user to enter data into a variable. The readonly command will prevent the current value of the variable for the remainder of the execution of a shell script.

Positional Parameters and Special Parameters

A positional parameter is a variable within a shell program; its value is set from arguments contained in a shell script or using the set command.

Positional parameters are numbered and their values are accessed by using a preceding "$" (eg. $1, $2, $3, etc.). The positional parameter $0 refers to either the name of shell where command was issued, or filename of shell script being executed. If using positional parameters greater than 9, then you need to include number within braces.

Examples: echo ${10}, ls ${23}

The shift command can be used with positional parameters to shift positional parameters to the left by one or more positions.

There are a couple of ways to assign values as positional parameters:

• Use the set command with the values as argument after the set command
• Run a shell script containing arguments

There are a group of special parameters that can be used for shell scripting. A few of these special parameters and their purpose are displayed below: $* , “$*” , "$@" , $# , $?

Examples of using positional and special parameters. ^

Command Substitution / Math Operations

Command Substitution:

Command substitution is a facility that allows a command to be run and its output to be pasted back on the command line as arguments to another command. Reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_substitution

Usage:

command1 $(command2)

or

command1 `command2`

Examples:

file $(ls)

mail -s "message" $(cat email-list.txt) < message.txt

echo "The current directory is $(pwd)"

echo "The current hostname is $(hostname)"

echo "The date is: $(date +'%A %B %d, %Y')"

Example of how a for loop with command substitution works.

Math Operations:

In order to make math operations work, we need to convert numbers stored as text into binary numbers.

We can do this by using 2 pairs of round brackets (( )).

Examples:

num1=5;num2=10
echo “$(($num1 + $num2))”
15
echo “$((num1-num2))”
-5
((product=num1*num2))
echo “$product”
50

Operator	Description
+	Addition
-	Subtraction
*	Multiplication
/	Division
%	Remainder
**	Exponential
++	Increment (increase by 1)
--	Decrement (decrease by 1)

Common Math Operator Symbols. ^

Control Flow Statements

Control Flow Statements are used to make your shell scripts more flexible and can adapt to changing situations.

In order to use control flow statements, you need to test a condition to get TRUE (zero value) or FALSE (non zero value). This can be done two ways:

• Run a command to get the exit status ($?)
• Use the test command

Refer to the diagrams below to see how to use the test command.

Examples of simple comparisons using the test command. ^

Examples of using additional comparisons using the test command. ^

You CANNOT use the < or > symbols when using the test command since these are redirection symbols. Instead, you need to use options when performing numerical comparisons. Refer to the diagrams to the right test options and their purposes.

Logic Statements

A logic statement is used to determine which Linux commands are executed basedon the result of a condition: TRUE (zero value) or FALSE (non-zero value).

There are several logic statements, but we will just concentrate on the if statement.

if test condition
  then
     command(s) 
fi

Refer to the diagram below for using the if logic statement with the test command.

Example of using the if logic control-flow statement.

if-else statement:

Unlike using an if statement, an if-else statement take two different sets of actions based on the results of the test condition.

Example:

if test condition
  then
     command(s)
  else
     command(s) 
fi

Example of how an if-else control-flow statement.

Loop Statements

A loop statement is a series of steps or sequence of statements executed repeatedly zero or more times satisfying the given condition is satisfied. Reference: https://www.chegg.com/homework-help/definitions/loop-statement-3

There are several loops, but we will look at the for loop using a list.

for item in list 
do
    command(s) 
done

Refer to the diagram below for an example using the for loop with a list.

Example of using the for looping control-flow statement.

Investigation 1: Creating A Shell Script

ATTENTION: The due date for successfully completing this tutorial (i.e. tutorial 10) is by Friday, August 16 @ 11:59 PM (Week 14).

In this investigation, you will learn how to create and run a Bash Shell script.

Perform the Following Steps:

1. Login to your matrix account.

2. Issue a command to confirm you are located in your home directory.

   • We want to create a Bash Shell script to welcome the user by their username.
   • Let's first look at selecting an appropriate filename for your shell script.

3. Issue the following linux command to check if the filename called hello already exists as a command:

which hello

• The output from this command should indicate that the shell did NOT find any directories that contained this filename that could represent a command; therefore, this shell script name CAN be used.

4. Use a text editor like vi or nano to create the text file called hello
5. Enter the following three lines in your shell script:

echo
echo "Hello $USER"
echo

• NOTE: The variable called USER is an environment variable that contains the current user's login name. If you wanted to share your shell script with other users, when they run the shell script, they will greeted by their username. Environment variables make your shell script adaptable by ALL users.

6. Save your editing session and exit the text editor.

   • Instead of issuing the bash command followed by your shell script pathname as an argument, let's simply run it by its filename. This is the most common method of running shell scripts.

7. Issue the following linux command to run your shell script in your current directory:

./hello

• You should notice an ERROR message indicating you don't have permissions to run the file. To fix this, you need to add execute permissions prior to running the shell script.

8. Issue the following linux command to add execute permissions for your shell script:

chmod u+x hello

9. Issue the following to run your shell script:

./hello

• Did your shell script run?

10. Issue the following Linux command to run a checking script:

~osl640/week10-check-1

11. If you encounter errors, make corrections and re-run the checking script until you receive a congratulations message, then you can proceed.

    • In the next investigation, you will learn to create and run shell scripts that use variables, positional and special parameters. You will also learn how to add a she-bang line at the top of a shell script to force it to run in a specified shell.

Proceed to the next investigation.

Investigation 2: Using Variables In Shell Scripts

In this investigation, you will add a she-bang line at the top of your shell script to force the shell script to run in a specified shell when executed. You will also learn how to use variables, positional and special parameters to make your shell scripts more adaptable.

Perform the Following Steps:

1. Confirm that you are located in your home directory in your Matrix account.

   • Let's run shell scripts with and without a she-bang line at the top of your shell script to demonstrate why using a she-bang line should be included in a shell script to force the shell script to be run in a specific shell.

2. Use a text editor to edit the hello shell script that you created in the previous investigation.

3. Add the following line to the bottom of the file (copy and paste to prevent errors):

echo "The current shell you are using is: $(ps -o cmd= -p $$|cut -d' ' -f1)"

• FYI: This command displays the name of the shell that the shell script is running in. The command within $( ) uses a technique known as command substitution.

4. Issue the following Linux command to change to an older shell called the Bourne Shell:

sh

• You should notice your shell prompt changed which indicates that you are in a different shell.

5. Issue the following Linux command to run your shell script in the Bourne Shell:

./hello

• You should see that you are currently running the shell script "sh" which represents the Bourne shell.

• NOTE: Due to the fact that shells (and their features) have evolved over a period of time, an error may occur if you include a NEWER shell feature (e.g. Bash Shell) but run it in an OLDER shell (For example: the Bourne Shell).
• You can add a special comment called a she-bang line at the BEGINNING of the FIRST line of your shell script to force it to run in the shell you want (for example: the Bash shell).

6. Edit your hello shell script using a text editor.
7. Insert the following line at the beginning of the first line of your hello file:

#!/bin/bash

• This is referred to as a she-bang line. It forces this script to be run in the Bash Shell.
• When your Bash Shell script finishes execution, you are returned to your current shell that you are using (which in our case in Matrix, is still the Bash shell).

8. Save your editing changes and exit your text editor.
9. While in the Bourne shell, issue the following Linux command:

./hello

• You should notice that the shell name is running in the Bash shell (i.e. /bin/bash).

• It is a good idea to rename your shell script to include an extension to indicate that it is a Bash Shell script.

10. Issue the following Linux command to rename your shell script file:

mv hello hello.bash

11. Confirm that the renamed Bash shell script works by issuing:

./hello.bash

12. Enter the following Linux command to exit the Bourne shell and return to your Bash shell:

exit

• Environment variables are used to set the environment of the shell or shell scripts Let's include some ENVIRONMENT variables in our Bash Shell script.

13. Use a text editor to edit the shell script called hello.bash
14. Add the following lines to the bottom of the hello.bash file:

echo
echo "The current directory location is: $PWD"
echo "The current user home directory is: $HOME"
echo

15. Save your editing changes and exit your text editor.
16. Run your modified Bash shell script by issuing:

./hello.bash

• Take time to view the output and the values of the environment variables.

• You can modify the PATH variable to include the current directory (i.e. ".") so you can run the command by just script filename (eg. hello.bash as opposed to ./hello.bash)

17. Issue the following Linux command to add your current directory to the PATH environment variable:

PATH=$PATH:.

18. Issue the following Linux command to confirm that the current directory "." has been added to the end of the PATH environment variable:

echo $PATH

19. Issue the following to run your Bash shell script just by name:

hello.bash

• Did your Bash shell script run?

20. Exit your Matrix session, and log back into your Matrix session.
21. Re-run the hello.bash shell script by just using the name.

• What did you notice?
• The setting of the PATH environment variable only worked in the current session only.
• If you exit the current Matrix session, then the recently changed settings for environment variables will be lost.
• You will in a future tutorial how to set environment variables in start-up files.

22. Issue the following Linux command to run a checking script:

~osl640/week10-check-2 | more

• If you encounter errors, make corrections and re-run the checking script until you receive a congratulations message, then you can proceed.
• Unlike Environment variables that are used to set the environment of the shell or shell scripts, User-created variables are "customized" that the user can set or allow a user to set the variables' values. Let's create a Bash shell script that contain user-created variables.

23. Use a text editor to create a Bash shell script called user-variables.bash
24. Add the following lines to the beginning of the user-variables.bash file:

#!/bin/bash
read -p "Enter your Full Name: " name
read -p "Enter your age (in years): " age
echo "Hello $name - You are $age years old"

25. Save your editing changes and exit your text editor.
26. Issue the chmod command to add execute permissions for the user-variables.bash file.
27. Issue the following to run the user-variables.bash Bash shell script (enter your Full name and your age when prompted):

./user-variables.bash

• What did you notice?

28. Use a text editor to modify your Bash shell script called user-variables.bash
29. Insert the following lines immediately below the she-bang line:

age=25
readonly age

30. Save your editing changes and exit your text editor.
31. Issue the following to run the user-variables.bash Bash shell script:

./user-variables.bash

• What do you notice when you try to change the age variable? Why?

• A positional parameter is a special variable within a shell program; its value is set from arguments contained in a shell script or using the set command. Let's use positional parameters and special parameters in a Bash shell script.

32. Use a text editor to create a file called parameters.bash
33. Add the following lines to the beginning of this file:

#!/bin/bash
echo \$0: $0
echo \$2: $2
echo \$3: $3

echo \$#: $#
echo \$*: $*

shift 2
echo \$#: $#
echo \$*: $*

34. Save your editing changes and exit your text editor.

    • Notice how the quoting character "\" is used to display positional parameters like "$2" as opposed to the value stored in the second positional parameter.

35. Issue the chmod command to add execute permissions for the user for the parameters.bash file.

36. Issue the following to run the user-variables.bash Bash shell script:

./parameters.bash

• What happened?

• The values for some of the positional parameters and special parameters may NOT be displayed properly since you did NOT provide any arguments when running your Bash shell script.

37. Issue the following to run the user-variables.bash Bash shell script with arguments:

./parameters.bash 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

• What do you notice?

• Take some time to view the results and how the parameters have changed when using the shift command.

In the next investigation, you will learn to use command substitution and math operations in your shell scripts.

Investigation 3: Command Substitution and Math Operations

In this investigation, you will learn how to use command substitution and math operations in your shell scripts.

Command Substitution

Command Substitution is a method of running a Linux command that provides stdout that is used as argument(s) for another Linux command.

For example:

echo "The current date and time is: $(date)"

Let's create a Bash shell script that uses command substitution that displays text and values of environment variables in a series of echo statements.

Perform the Following Steps:

1. Confirm that you are located in your home directory in your Matrix account.
2. Use a text editor to create a Bash shell script called command-substitution.bash
3. Add the following lines to the beginning of this file:

#!/bin/bash
echo
echo "MY ACCOUNT INFORMATION:"
echo
echo "Username: $(whoami)"
echo
echo "Current Directory: $(pwd)"
echo

4. Save your editing changes and exit your text editor.
5. Issue the chmod command to add execute permissions for the command-substitution.bash file.
6. Issue the following to run the user-variables.bash Bash shell script:

./command-substitution.bash

• Confirm that your shell script displays the correct information for your Matrix account.

Math Operations

Since you do NOT have to declare the data-type of a variable (as opposed to compiled program such as the C-programming language), numbers would be stored as text in variables. Therefore, it is important to use the construct (( )) to convert numbers (stored as text) into numbers.

We will now learn how to use this construct in order to perform math operations for shell scripts.

Perform the Following Steps:

1. Confirm that you are located in your home directory in your Matrix account.

   • Let's demonstrate that the Unix/Linux shell stores numbers as ascii text which can cause problems when performing math operations.

2. Issue the following Linux command from the shell:

echo "1 + 2"

• What did you notice?

3. To demonstrate the need for the (( )) construct, issue the following Linux commands (using the math construct):

echo "$((1 + 2))"

• What did you notice?
• The (( )) construct converted values 1 and 2 from text to binary numbers.
• The $ in front of the construct expands the result of the calculation.

4. Issue the following Linux commands demonstrating other types of math calculations:

echo "$((2 - 3))"

echo "$((2 * 3))"

echo "$((2 / 3))"

echo "$((2 ** 3))"

• NOTE: You may notice that dividing 2 by 3 shows a zero result. To perform decimal calculations would require the use the awk or bc Linux commands (we will NOT cover that method to work with decimal numbers in this course).
• You can use the math construct with variables as well.

5. Issue the following Linux commands demonstrating using the math construct with variables:

num1=34

num2=12

echo "$((num1 * num2))"

• What did you notice?
• You can create variables and assign them values in the math construct as well.

6. Issue the following Linux commands demonstrating using the math construct with variables:

num1=5

num2=3

((result = num1 ** num2))

echo "The result is: $result"

7. Use a text editor to create a Bash shell script called dog-years.bash
8. Add the following lines to the beginning of this file:

#!/bin/bash
echo
dogFactor=7
read -p "Please enter your age (in years): " humanYears
dogYears=$((humanYears * dogFactor))
echo "Your age in dog-years is: $dogYears"
echo

9. Save your editing changes and exit your text editor.
10. Issue the chmod command to add execute permissions for the user for the dog-years.bash file.
11. Issue the following to run the dog-years.bash Bash shell script:

./dog-years.bash

• Enter your age to see what happens.

12. Issue the following to run a checking script:

~osl640/week10-check-3 | more

• If you encounter errors, make corrections and re-run the checking script until you receive a congratulations message, then you can proceed.

In the next investigation, you will use control-flow statements to allow your shell scripts to perform differently under different situations.

Investigation 4: Using Control Flow Statements In Shell Scripts

In this investigation, you will learn how to use control-flow statements to make your shell script behave differently under different situations or conditions.

Perform the Following Steps:

1. Confirm that you are located in your home directory in your Matrix account.
2. Issue the following Linux commands at the Bash shell prompt to assign values to several variables:

course="OSL640"

number1=5

number2=10

• You can test conditions by issuing Linux commands / pipeline commands or by using the test command. We will demonstrate using the test command in this tutorial, and then we will demonstrate how to test by issuing a Linux command / pipeline command in a later tutorial.

3. Issue the following Linux command to test a condition:

test $course = "OSL640"

• The $? variable is used to store an exit status of the previously-issued command (including the test command).
• If the exit status is zero, then it indicates a TRUE value and if the status is non-zero, then it indicates a FALSE value.

4. Issue the following Linux command to view the exit status of the previously-issued test command:

echo $?

• Based on the exit status value, is the result TRUE or FALSE?

5. Issue the following Linux command to test another condition:

test $course = "osl640"

6. Issue the following Linux command to view the exit status of the previously-issued test command:

echo $?

• Based on the exit status value, is the result TRUE or FALSE?
• The value is non-zero (FALSE) since UPPERCASE characters are different than lowercase characters.

7. Issue the following Linux command to test another condition:

test $course != "osl640"

8. Issue a linux command to display the value of $?

   • What is the result? Why?

9. Issue the following Linux command to test a condition involving earlier assigned variables:

test $number1 > $number2

10. Issue a Linux command to display the value of $?

• NOTE: You will notice that something is wrong.
• The exit status $? shows a zero (TRUE) value, but the number 5 is definitely NOT greater than 10.
• The problem is that the symbols < and > are interpreted as REDIRECTION symbols!

11. To prove this, issue the following Linux command :

ls -l 10

• You should notice a file called "10". The incorrectly issued test command used redirection to create an empty file and assigning the exit status variable a TRUE value!
• To prevent problems when issuing the test command when comparing numbers, you can use the following test options: -lt (<), -le (<=), -gt (>), -ge (>=;), -eq (=), -ne (!=)

12. Issue the correct Linux command to properly test both values:

test $number1 -gt $number2

13. Issue a Linux command to display the value of $?.

    • You should notice that the exit status value is now FALSE which is the correct result.

14. The test command can be substituted by square brackets [ ] which contains the test condition within the square brackets. You need to have spaces between the brackets and the test condition; otherwise, you will get a test error.

15. To generate a test error, copy and paste the following test command:

[$number1 -gt $number2]

• The reason for the error was that you need spaces between the square brackets and the test condition.

16. Copy and paste the following (correct) test command:

[ $number1 -gt $number2 ]

17. Issue a command to view the value of the exit status of the previously issued test command. You should notice that is works properly.

    • Now that we have learned how to test conditions, let's learn about control-flow statements.
    • LOGIC STATEMENTS are used to create different paths or directions that the shell script will take based on the result of the test condition. In this tutorial,we will only focus on the if and if-else logic statements.

18. Use a text editor like vi or nano to create the text file called if-1.bash (eg. vi if-1.bash)

19. Enter the following lines in your shell script:

#!/bin/bash
num1=5
num2=10
if [ $num1 -lt $num2 ]
then
   echo "num1 is less than num2"
fi

20. Save your editing session and exit the text editor (eg. with vi: press ESC, then type :x followed by ENTER).
21. Issue the following Linux command to add execute permissions for your shell script:

chmod u+x if-1.bash

22. Run your shell script by issuing:

./if-1.bash

• Confirm that the output indicates a correct result.

23. Use a text editor like vi or nano to create the text file called if-2.bash (eg. vi if-2.bash)
24. Enter the following lines in your shell script:

#!/bin/bash
read -p "Enter the first number: " num1
read -p "Enter the second number: " num2
if [ $num1 -gt $num2 ]
then
   echo "The first number is greater than the second number."
fi

25. Save your editing session and exit the text editor (eg. with vi: press ESC, then type :x followed by ENTER).
26. Issue the following Linux command to add execute permissions for your shell script:

chmod u+x if-2.bash

27. Run your shell script by issuing:

./if-2.bash

• When prompted, make certain that the first number is greater than the second number. What happens?

28. Run the ./if-2.bash Bash shell script again.

    • When prompted, make certain that the first number is less than or equal to the second number. What happens?
    • Let's use an if-else statement to provide an alternative if the first number is less than or equal to the second number.

29. Use a text editor like vi or nano to create the text file called if-3.bash (eg. vi if-3.bash)
30. Enter the following lines in your shell script:

#!/bin/bash
read -p "Enter the first number: " num1
read -p "Enter the second number: " num2
if [ $num1 -gt $num2 ]
then
   echo "The first number is greater than the second number."
else
   echo "The first number is less than or equal to the second number."
fi

31. Save your editing session and exit the text editor (eg. with vi: press ESC, then type :x followed by ENTER).
32. Issue the following Linux command to add execute permissions for your shell script:

chmod u+x if-3.bash

33. Run your shell script by issuing:

./if-3.bash

• Try running the script several times with numbers different and equal to each other to confirm that the shell script works correctly.

• LOOP STATEMENTS are a series of steps or sequence of statements executed repeatedly zero or more times satisfying the given condition is satisfied. Reference: https://www.chegg.com/homework-help/definitions/loop-statement-3
• There are several loops, but we will look at a for loop using a list.

34. Use a text editor like vi or nano to create the text file called for-1.bash (eg. vi for-1.bash)
35. Enter the following lines in your shell script:

#!/bin/bash
echo
for x in 5 4 3 2 1
do
   echo $x
done
echo "blast-off!"
echo

36. Save your editing session and exit the text editor (eg. with vi: press ESC, then type :x followed by ENTER).
37. Issue the following Linux command to add execute permissions for your shell script:

chmod u+x for-1.bash

38. Run your shell script by issuing:

./for-1.bash

39. Use a text editor like vi or nano to create the text file called for-2.bash (eg. vi for-2.bash)
40. Enter the following lines in your shell script:

#!/bin/bash
echo
for x
do
   echo $x
done
echo "blast-off!"
echo

41. Save your editing session and exit the text editor (eg. with vi: press ESC, then type :x followed by ENTER).
42. Issue the following Linux command to add execute permissions for your shell script:

chmod u+x for-2.bash

43. Run your shell script by issuing:

./for-2.bash 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

• How does this differ from the previous shell script?
• You will learn in a couple of weeks more examples of using loop statements.
• Let's run a checking-script to confirm that both your for-1.bash and for-2.bash

44. Issue the following Linux command to run a checking script:

~osl640/week10-check-4 | more

• If you encounter errors, make corrections and re-run the checking script until you receive a congratulations message, then you can proceed.

Linux Practice Questions

The purpose of this section is to obtain extra practice to help with quizzes, your midterm, and your final exam.

Here is a link to the MS Word Document of ALL of the questions displayed below but with extra room to answer on the document to simulate a quiz

Your instructor may take-up these questions during class. It is up to the student to attend classes in order to obtain the answers to the following questions. Your instructor will NOT provide these answers in any other form (eg. e-mail, etc).

Review Questions:

Part A: Write Bash Shell Script Code

Write the answer to each question below the question in the space provided.

1. Write a Bash shell script that clears the screen and displays the text Hello World on the screen.

   • What permissions are required to run this Bash shell script?
   • What are the different methods that you can run this Bash shell script from the command line?

2. Write a Bash shell script that clears the screen, prompts the user for their full name and then prompts the user for their age, then clears the screen again and welcomes the user by their name and tells them their age.

   • What comments would you add to the above script’s contents to properly document this Bash shell script to be understood for those users that would read / edit this Bash shell script’s contents?

3. Write a Bash shell script that will first set the value of a read-only variable called dogFactor to 7. The script will then clear the screen and prompt the user to enter the age of a dog in human years (which will be stored into a variable called humanYears).

   • The script will store in a variable called dogYears the value of humanYears x dogFactor
   • The script will then clear the screen a second time and then display the age of the dog in “dog years”.

4. Write a Bash shell script that will clear the screen and then display all arguments that were entered after your Bash shell script when it was run. Also have the Bash shell script display the number of arguments that were entered after your Bash shell script.

Part B: Walk-Thrus

Write the expected output from running each of the following Bash shell scripts You can assume that these Bash shell script files have execute permissions. Show your work.

Walkthru #1:

cat walkthru1.bash

#!/usr/bin/bash
word1=”counter”
word2=”clockwise”
echo “The combined word is: $word2$word1”

WRITE ROUGH WORK AND OUTPUT FROM ISSUING:

./walkthru1.bash

ROUGH WORK:

OUTPUT:

Walkthru #2:

cat walkthru2.bash

#!/usr/bin/bash
echo “result1: $1”
echo “result2: $2”
echo “result3: $3”
echo “result 4:”
echo “$*”

WRITE ROUGH WORK AND OUTPUT FROM ISSUING:

./walkthru2.bash apple orange banana

ROUGH WORK:

OUTPUT:

Walkthru #3:

cat walkthru2.bash

#!/usr/bin/bash

for x in 1 2 3 4 5
do

  if [ $((x % 2)) -eq 0 ]
  then
    echo "this"
  else
    echo "that"
  fi

done

WRITE ROUGH WORK AND OUTPUT FROM ISSUING:

./walkthru3.bash apple orange banana

ROUGH WORK:

OUTPUT:

---

Author: Murray Saul

License: LGPL version 3 Link: https://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl.html

---